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Hydrocotyle verticillata

Thunb. (1798)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Apiales Family: Araliaceae Genus: Hydrocotyle

aukahi, laukahi (Ni‘ihau via St. John), marsh pennywort, pohe, pohepohe, pohepohe wai

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Slender perennial herbs with creeping stems or rootstocks. glabrous.

Stems: Stems filiform.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades orbicular–peltate, 0.5–6 cm wide. Margins shallowly 8–13 lobed, the lobes crenate. Palmately veined. Petioles not sheathing; slender, 0.5–26 cm long. Stipules present.

Flowers: Flowers in once or twice bifurcate (rarely trifurcate or quadrifurcate) spikes 1.5–17 cm long, with 2–7 few–flowered verticils. involucre and involucel absent. Flowers bisexual (perfect), sessile or subsessile, in axillary, simple, interrupted. Calyx teeth minute or absent. Corolla of 5 petals, greenish white, yellowish white, or purplish, ovate. Stamens 5, inserted on an epigynous disk. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; ovules 1 per cells, anatropous; styles 2, usually swollen at base into a stylopodium. Styles usually longer than the conical to depressed stylopodium; carpophore absent.

Fruit: Fruit consisting of 2 mericarps connate by their faces (commissure); compressed to flattened laterally; mericarps rounded or acute dorsally; glabrous to pubescent; with ribs 5 acute subequal; filiform; distinct or indistinct; companion cells present in the pericarp; but vittae absent. Mericarps separating at maturity and usually suspended from a persistent axis (carpophore); or carpophore absent; vittae in pericarp. fruit ellipsoid; 1–3 mm long; 2–4 mm wide; dorsal surface acute; commissural surface constricted; vittae conspicuous. Seeds 1 per mericarp; embryo small; endosperm cartilaginous. seed face plane to convex.

Ploidy: 2n = 88

Habitat: Common in wet places such as pond and stream margins; seeps and muddy sites.

Elevation Range: 0–1,600 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous or Naturalized

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Indigenous or Naturalized
Kaua'i Indigenous or Naturalized
O'ahu Indigenous or Naturalized
Molokai Indigenous or Naturalized
Maui Indigenous or Naturalized
Hawai'i Indigenous or Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Pumehana Imada
  • Native to North America; in Hawai‘i introduced or perhaps indigenous. Naturalized prior to 1871 (Hillebrand, 1888).

Bibliography

Name Published In: Hydrocotyle: 5 (1798)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:205 (Ni, K, O, Mo, M, H)

Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., & Sohmer, S. H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, Vols. 1 and 2 (No. Edn 2). University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press.

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Hydrocotyle verticillata W Maui, Lahaina District, Haelaau Clearing in lower forest. Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 29 Maui BISH 1928-12-19
2 Hydrocotyle verticillata Hanalilolilo Trail, below Pepeopae Bog In dense rainforest. Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5411 Molokai BISH 1984-07-17
3 Hydrocotyle verticillata E of Humuula, below Kalaieha In pool on pahoehoe. Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 695 Hawaii BISH 1935-08-07
4 Hydrocotyle verticillata University of Hawaii campus, Honolulu; Sherman Laboratory Growing as a groundcover in partial shade underneath a tree. Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 1161 Oahu BISH 1985-06-30
5 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kau District, Keauhou Ranch, near powerline trail Growing in wet muddy spot at edge of Metrosideros forest with Styphelia understory on pahoehoe substrate. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 171 Hawaii BISH 1980-01-31
6 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kaena, Uluhulu Gulch Wet creek bank. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 9992 Oahu BISH 1929-11-03
7 Hydrocotyle verticillata Hanalei District. NaPali Coast State Park, back of Kalalau Valley, at junction of subgulch to backwall Degraded Diverse Mesic Forest, mostly weedy with remnant large native trees and Psydrax patches. In stagnant water and mud. Associated w/ Thuidium sp., Aleurites moluccana, Psidium guajava, Nephorlepis, Clidemia, Elaphantopus mollis, Adiantum raddianum, Kadua acuminata, Freycinetia, Ricinus communis, Pouteria sandwicensis Preserved_Specimen Tangalin, N. 3240 Kauai BISH 2012-07-27
8 Hydrocotyle verticillata Puna, Ainaloa, Menehune Dr. & Ainaloa Dr. only one patch seen along the edge of a driveway. Sunny, moist, frequently mowed roadside. Preserved_Specimen Faccenda, K. 3580 Hawaii BISH 2024-07-08
9 Hydrocotyle verticillata Ridge between Maunahui, Kaunakakai and Hanalilolilo, Kawela Damp draw under Sadleria. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12328 Molokai BISH 1932-12-20
10 Hydrocotyle verticillata Limahuli Valley; in valley bottom along stream In muck at stream edge. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 1457 Kauai BISH 1985-12-17
11 Hydrocotyle verticillata Near hula platform In wet spots on cliff west of small beach. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1978-06-14
12 Hydrocotyle verticillata Waimea Audubon Center, Waimea Valley, Oahu, Hawaii Growing in the Hawaiian section on edge of the large pond, near the Hibiscus clayi section. In wet soil to 1 inch of water. Preserved_Specimen Crago, L.M. 2005198 Oahu BISH 2005-10-18
13 Hydrocotyle verticillata Between Lumahai & Hanalei Valleys Seeps in crevices in basalt just above beach. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12793 Kauai BISH 1936-01-04
14 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kamoku Flats In boggy ground with Juncus effusus. Gully in rainforest. Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 2677 Molokai BISH 1983-07-27
15 Hydrocotyle verticillata Piihonua; Hilo Forest Reserve, Site 09 OS Ohia wetland dieback. Primary vegetation: Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Myrsine lessertiana and Ilex anomala. Soil a shallow, poorly drained organic found on a pahoehoe flow. Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1979-06-06
16 Hydrocotyle verticillata Makahanaloa AHU. Tr 20(26); E slope of Mauna Kea; Hilo FR; along Kapue Stream, S Hilo Distr Wet koa-`ohi`a forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 1463 Hawaii BISH 1977-04-10
17 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kalalau, in slow moving sections of stream. Canopy of Aleurites moluccana, Psidium guajava, Psydrax odorata, Hedychium flavescens, Plectranthus scutellarioides, Elephantopus mollis, Christella parasitica, Nephrolepis, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Adiantum. Preserved_Specimen Tangalin, N. 2381 Kauai BISH 2010-08-23
18 Hydrocotyle verticillata Piihonua; Hilo Forest Reserve, Site 28 OS Dense healthy forest. Primary vegetation: Metrosideros polymorpha (sometimes pubescent), Ilex anomala, Cheirodendron trigynum, Myrsine lessertiana, Vaccinium calycinum & Sadleria pallida. Soil a deep, moderately well drained ash. Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1979-06-12
19 Hydrocotyle verticillata Foot of upper Moaula falls, Halawa Over rocks wet by spray. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12682 Molokai BISH 1932-12-27
20 Hydrocotyle verticillata Nihoa Gulch, Kaena Wet cliff fork of waterfall. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11145 Oahu BISH 1931-11-15
21 Hydrocotyle verticillata bottom of Mahanaloa Valley to jct. with Kuia Valley On moist rocks along stream. Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5068 Kauai BISH 1983-08-31
22 Hydrocotyle verticillata W side Keanae Valley In mud flat. Preserved_Specimen Mitchell, A.L. 90 Maui BISH 1945-11-22
23 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kipahulu Valley, E part of valley Along stream at bottom of pali separating E and W part of valley. Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 3929 Maui BISH 1967-08-07
24 Hydrocotyle verticillata Piihonua; Hilo Forest Reserve, Site 23 OS Stunted ohia wetland dieback; assoc. spp.: Metrosideros polymorpha, Ilex anomala, Myrsine lessertiana, M. sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum & Pelea clusiifolia. Soil a moderately deep yet poorly drained organic/ash found on a pahoehoe flow. Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1978-09-27
25 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kokee Wet place. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10693 Kauai BISH 1930-12-26
26 Hydrocotyle verticillata Upper Hamakua Ditch Trail, Kohala Mts Wet ground. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 10234 Hawaii BISH 1933-09-03
27 Hydrocotyle verticillata Head of Waikolu Valley, Hanalilolilo In mud beside trail. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12355 Molokai BISH 1932-12-21
28 Hydrocotyle verticillata Base of E rim inside Kaau Crater Ohia zone; frequent in wet soil. Preserved_Specimen Egler, F.E. 37314 Oahu BISH 1937-07-29
29 Hydrocotyle verticillata Ridge to Puu Peahinaia, Koolau Mts On shaded damp slope. Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 218 Oahu BISH 1931-04-10
30 Hydrocotyle verticillata Waikoloa paddock, Waimea, Hamakua Common, in moist places. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 2091 Hawaii BISH 1938-05-25
31 Hydrocotyle verticillata Mohihi River Under ferns on edge of moist forest. Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. 1437 Kauai BISH 1940-07-25
32 Hydrocotyle verticillata Wainiha Valley; side gulch on W side, 3/4 mi upstream from intake Partly submerged in pool at base of waterfall Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13966 Kauai BISH 1934-01-01
33 Hydrocotyle verticillata Limahuli Valley; in valley bottom along stream In muck at stream edge. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 1457 Kauai BISH 1985-12-17
34 Hydrocotyle verticillata East Maui, Hana District, Tr 16(27), along ridge of central part of Kipahulu Valley Wet koa-`ohi`a forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9413 Maui BISH 1980-07-22
35 Hydrocotyle verticillata East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi Valley, Base camp, along S Fork of Waiohonu Wet open areas. Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 151 Maui BISH 1972-08-04
36 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kipapa Gulch, Waipio Muddy gulch floor. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 9803 Oahu BISH 1933-08-08
37 Hydrocotyle verticillata Awehi stream above Hilo Wet forest, mud along stream. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 10488 Hawaii BISH 1933-12-07
38 Hydrocotyle verticillata Laupahoehoe section of Hilo Forest Reserve, Haakoa stream Growing in streambed with Veronica plebeia & Carex alligata. Scarce weed. Open ohia-koa forest with Cheirodendron, Ilex, Cibotium, Cyanea and Broussaisia. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 708 Hawaii BISH 1982-03-04
39 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kokee, Elekiniki Stream In running water, with Calla and Impatiens. Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. 425 Kauai BISH 1959-07-09
40 Hydrocotyle verticillata Waimea Distr., Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. Kawaikoi Stream trail, NE from Sugi Grove In mucky area along trail in Metrosideros dominated forest. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 3126 Kauai BISH 1988-09-08
41 Hydrocotyle verticillata Koolau Range, Palolo, Kaau Crater Rare in bog. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 24780 Oahu BISH 1952-02-12
42 Hydrocotyle verticillata East Maui, Haleakala National Park, Kipahulu Valley, Oheo Stream, 1/2 mi upstream from bridge Vegetation exotic consisting of Microsorium, bamboo, Mangifera and Psidium guajava. Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 5797 Maui BISH 1977-04-30
43 Hydrocotyle verticillata SE shore, Harry K. Brown Beach Park Fresh-water pond at shore, partly submersed. Preserved_Specimen Mäkinen, L. 661279 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-09
44 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kaali Cliff; ledge by Kaali Spring Common in wet muck on ledge. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22834 Niihau BISH 1947-08-16
45 Hydrocotyle verticillata Piihonua On a wet site in an Ohia forest over a pahoehoe flow. Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1979-03-22
46 Hydrocotyle verticillata W Maui, Lahaina District, Haelaau Cabin on Kaulalewelewe Hill disturbed area in mesic forest Preserved_Specimen Annable, C.R. 3820 Maui BISH 1998-02-12
47 Hydrocotyle verticillata Piihonua; Hilo Forest Reserve, Site 23 OS Stunted ohia wetland dieback; assoc. spp.: Metrosideros polymorpha, Ilex anomala, Myrsine lessertiana, M. sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum & Pelea clusiifolia. Soil a moderately deep yet poorly drained organic/ash found on a pahoehoe flow. Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1979-06-12
48 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kipahulu Valley, W part of valley Common in very wet muddy areas in openings in forest. Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 4042 Maui BISH 1967-08-10
49 Hydrocotyle verticillata Paauhou 2 Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1909-06-01
50 Hydrocotyle verticillata Wailau Valley Wet stream bank. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13211 Molokai BISH 1933-07-03
51 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kokee State Park, on Canyon Trail to Waipoo Falls Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4946 Kauai BISH 1983-08-26
52 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kawela Preserved_Specimen Handy, E.S. 34.2 Oahu BISH 1934-03-31
53 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kalaupapa; Waikolu, upper valley floor, above intake tunnel Preserved_Specimen Wysong, M.L. 727 Molokai BISH 2005-03-29
54 Hydrocotyle verticillata [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; O`ahu; Hawai`i; Honolulu] Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 28 Oahu BISH 1864-01-01
55 Hydrocotyle verticillata Wainiha Valley (near dam) Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 1492 Kauai BISH 1956-12-26
56 Hydrocotyle verticillata Between Upper Maunahui camp and Pepeopae Bog Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2531 Molokai BISH 1938-07-07
57 Hydrocotyle verticillata Tantalus Ridge Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1909-09-05
58 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kaali. Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
59 Hydrocotyle verticillata Waialae Iki Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-10-10
60 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kaali. Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
61 Hydrocotyle verticillata Kokee Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Kauai BISH 1930-08-21
62 Hydrocotyle verticillata S ridge of Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Zone 2; Koolau Mts Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. Oahu BISH 1932-05-15
63 Hydrocotyle verticillata North fork of Wailuku River Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1978-04-17
64 Hydrocotyle verticillata unknown Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 273 BISH 1864-01-01
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